Book DescriptionIntroduction to Mathematical Techniques Used in GIS explains to nonmathematicians the fundamentals that support the manipulation and display of geographic information It focuses on basic mathematical techniques, building upon a seriesof steps that enable a deeper understanding of the complex forms of manipulation that оджцз arise in the handling of spatially related data The book moves rapidly through a wide range of data transformations, outlining the techniques involved Many are precise, building logically on underlying assumptions Others are based upon statistical analysis and the pursuit of the optimum rather than the perfect and definite solution.  Philips2004 г 224 стр ISBN 0415334144.